Understanding Methamphetamine's effects on Neurotransmitters

Methamphetamine has the following Mechanism/s of Action.

• TAAR1 Activation (Trace-Amine-Associate-Receptor-1) (increases cAMP)
• Alpha-2-Adrenergic Agonist (decreases norepinephrine in some areas/brain region)
• VMAT2 Inhibition  (affects 'recycling' of neurotransmitters)
• Inhibits DAT, SERT, and NET by TAAR1 Activation (reverses monoamine transporters)
• Increases dopamine and noradrenaline as well as serotonin by mechanism above.
• Causes increase in glucose uptake.
• Increases metabolism and thyroid hormones short-term.
• Affects Insulin release by interacting with central monoamine systems.

A DEEPER OVERVIEW INTO METHAMPHETAMINE'S ACTIONS IN THE BRAIN AND CNS

Meth has a primary action of activating the Trace-Amine-Associated-Receptor; an action which leads to a rapid increase in the second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate - this messenger then activates an enzyme called  PROTEIN KINASE A - which then allows the reversal of transporters for monoamines (DAT, SERT , NET) - in a way, meth would be alike Cocaine, except it has a much longer duration of action ...up to 72 hours in some cases depending on method of administration and form used.

However, even though methamphetamine increases serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine - it does so by bypassing direct inhibition of the transporters; so it wouldn't be exactly like amineptine, an SSRI and effexor for example - those three drugs combine would offer similar effects..but methamphetamine is indiscriminative so the effects happen to be largely 'perfectly equalized' - the effects on second messenger systems allow for a temporary boost in dopamine synthesis as well (increasing the body's natural dopamin production) - however, in the long-term - methamphetamine can damage dopamine neuron containing networks - by flooding the synapses repeatedly the result is dopamine receptor downregulation and internalization...additionally - excessive serotonin release blunts dopamine activity - leading to a downregulation in dopamine signaling.

Hence the performance of this study....

Because of that study - it is plausible and an acceptable resolve to use something like Amisulpride at LOW DOSES to augment methamphetamine's actions....however, meth still causes other issues long-term so my recommendation is something more like SELEGILINE in place of meth..selegiline in contrast is NEUROPROTECTIVE (protects brain cells and tissues) and raises dopamine by preventing it's breakdown - without having any effect on serotonin and only a minimal effect on adrenaline neurohormones.

If your goal is to reap the aphrodisiac benefits of amphetamine - there are much more effective substances for this purpose - one's with less incidence of adverse effects and more study in this specific area of research. 

Stuff like PT-141 and Masteron (for men) are a lot more effective. PT-141 rapidly increases libido in both men and women, whereas masteron increases erection quality and libido in men as well as aggression and strength.

**SOURCES/CITATIONS**

Biochemistry of Methamphetamine

Effect of methamphetamine on norepinephrine metabolism in various regions of brain.

Methamphetamine-Induced Rapid and Reversible Changes in Dopamine Transporter Function: An In Vitro Model



https://books.google.com/books?id=ihxyHbnj3qYC&pg=PA421&lpg=PA421&dq=Methamphetamine+stimulates+noradrenergic+neurons&source=bl&ots=i8TL0Tcjsb&sig=Vfc6nGLNXEdhlSP2l7bhrQ4lz8I&hl=en&sa=X&ei=w_aOVcH9GsWrogT4-KygCg&ved=0CD8Q6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Methamphetamine%20stimulates%20noradrenergic%20neurons&f=false

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2996466/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3031865/

Formoterol - The Strongest Beta-Agonist Available that does much more than Clen

Formoterol (brand name Foradil, among others) is the strongest medically accessible beta-adrenergic agonist - it is used in medicine for Asthma. As opposed to Albuterol which is an Emergency only inhaler (generally) formoterol is used daily to treat Asthma. It's duration of action is much longer (about 9-12 hours). 

The benefit to bodybuilders, athletes and even 'fitness enthusiasts' is that Formoterol treatments downregulates the myostatin system; which allows for a surge of muscle growth(also see here). Myostatin inhibitors are in deep investigation (!) for muscle wasting disorders but even in normal animals and humans; myostatin inhibition causes dramatic, almost unprecedented muscle growth.

Clenbuterol does not offer this effect.

Thus, Formoterol is far superior to Clen and does not just 'burn fat' - rather, it has profound anabolic effects that may surpass a shit-load of other commonly used pharmaceuticals and supplements..it may even parallel steroids and is synergistic with all forms of testosterone.

FORMOTEROL comes prescribed in capsules which are loaded into an inhaler, while emptying the powder into a drink or holding it under tongue does not prove efficacious for asthma - it is the recommended mechanism of absorption for workout purposes....

Here's my muscle chemistry thread on it...

{also includes FIRST LIVE REVIEW of Formoterol}

Here's my forum thread on it...

If you are interested in buying Formoterol (3month supply, 100 capsules, 60 bucks) - you can either...

• Contact me @  area1255x@gmail.com 
• OR Click the PayPal button below.

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PICTURE PROOF OF REAL , GENUINE FORMOTEROL

Olive Leaf Extract (OLE) : An Exceptional Tonic with Anti-Hypertensive, Anti-Viral and Hormone Enhancing Properties

Olive Leaf Extract and Olive Oil are extremely potent anti-virals and anti-bacteria agents with Tonic Activity (keep taking it will help prevent disease and infections)

Olive Leaf and Oil are some of the most extensively studied natural products with anti-disease potentials - they reduce the incidence of infections and have extremely potent anti-viral and anti-bacterial effects.

• Anti-Malaria
• Anti-Influenza
• Anti-Herpes/Cold Sore
• Anti-Fungal
• Anti-Gonorrhea
• Anti-Hepatitis (mainly B)
• Anti-Ebola (but may not be sufficient in itself for this)
• Anti-viral haemorrhagic septicaemia rhabdovirus (VHSV) (!)
• 
  

{READ HERE}

{AND ESPECIALLY HERE}

{AND ON DR.HOFFMAN'S PAGE}

Olive Products Increase Nitric Oxide , Inhibit ACE and Reduce Blood Pressure

Olive Leaf and Olive Oil exert anti-hypertensive effects by multiple mechanisms; including stimulating eNOS naturally and acting in similar ways to blood pressure meds without negative side-effects (see here as well).

• Olive Leaf does not block beta-adrenergic receptors and thus does not result in fatigue.
• Olive Leaf Extracts and Extra Virgin Olive Oil both exert the same blood pressure lowering effects. The difference is the oil contains more omega-3's than the leaf.
• Calcium Channel antagonism (L-TYPE ONLY) is also involved in the therapeutic value of OLE (Olive Leaf Extracts)

Olive Leaf / Olive Oil Decreases Anxiety Symptoms and Is an Effective Natural Anti-Depressant

Olive Oil has been shown in this study to decrease brain serotonin concentrations and to regulate dopamine activity. High Serotonin causes anxiety disorders; especially social anxiety (!).

A lot of people seem to be confused about the contrast between this study though, and this one on neurotransmitter contents ; however, it is important to note that the second study is less practical and not relevant to humans / larger mammals. There has been a great deal of conjecture  about how reliable albino rat studies are - ESPECIALLY when human studies show an opposite or totally different effect. Another example, is how drugs affecting the serotonin 1A receptor such as buspirone, have some different effects between rats and humans - such as behavioral discrimination and receptor mediated downstream signaling alterations. 

Thus, it can be concluded that OLE (Olive Leaf Extract) and Olive Oil - in HUMANS - decreases brain serotonin and increases brain dopamine - leading to anti-anxiety effects . ESPECIALLY in social situations. Olive Extracts and Oils thus may be useful for Social Anxiety Disorder/s.


Olive Leaf Extract INCREASES Male Testosterone Levels IF You Are on a HIGH-PROTEIN DIET and It Increases T3 Thyroid Hormone Levels ; Speeding Metabolism and Dramatically Increasing Fat Loss (especially if stacked with forskolin)

...it does so by increasing conversion of amino acids into active forms and by increasing local synthesis of testosterone - it DOES NOT increase testosterone by mimicking it or by binding to receptors! {see here}

It also increases active thyroid hormones by increasing conversion of the lesser hormone T4 to the strongest thyroid hormone T3 (!) (!!)

My favorite and recommended Olive Leaf Product is below.

**REFERENCES / SOURCES**

Researchers Suggest Anxiety Is Caused By Too Much Serotonin

Antihypertensive effects of oleuropein-enriched olive leaf extract in spontaneously hypertensive rats




Role of Monoaminergic System in the Etiology of Olive Oil Induced Antidepressant and Anxiolytic Effects in Rats

Effects of the Olive-Derived Polyphenol Oleuropein on Human Health

Cardioprotective and neuroprotective roles of oleuropein in olive

Antiproliferative effect of oleuropein in prostate cell lines.

The effect of the olive phenolic compound oleuropein, on growth and Enterotoxin B production by Staphylococcus aureus

Neuroprotective effect of oleuropein following spinal cord injury in rats

Seven Herbs that Lower Blood Pressure

This Simple Leaf Prevents Stroke, Hypertension, Diabetes, Alzheimer’s, and More

Oleuropein Protects against Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Chronic Colitis in Mice

Mechanisms of Tachycardia (Fast Heart Rate) and how to Counter-Act Both Drug-Induced Tachycardia and How to Spot 'Homeostatic Tachycardia'

First, it's important to note three things.

1. These guidelines apply to mild - moderate cases at best and still should not replace the advice of a qualified Physician or M.D - they should not replace the advice of your own physician and / or should be discussed.
2. The information is given in context and should be taken in that way - you should NOT assume one similar drug will apply to a statement that begins with another one. As there are many parameter's that may differ and alter the outcome such as half-lives and individual susceptibility.
3. If you have any chronic disease state such as pseudoparkinsonism or Parkinson's, or an anxiety disorder - these guidelines may not be practical and thus you should thoroughly discuss any possible scenario yet again, with your physician. 

Let's get into the basic points of TACHYCARDIA. Tachycardia is a fast heart rate and is generally abnormal unless your 'fight-or-flight' response is kicked on by an unforseen stressor or some acute , sudden 'scare'. This would be a normal response; unless the heart rate persists long after the stressor dissipates or is dismissed. 

Tachycardia may be produced for one of two reasons. In many cases though, both reasons are present. 

• LOW Blood Pressure; to balance out blood flow and oxygen delivery, abnormally low blood pressure may cause your heart rate to increase to balance circulation out and pump blood to the extremeties and wherever it is needed...

1. When this happens, commonly you will also experience dizziness, lightheadedness, even fainting.... and the room may be spinning. You may experience nausea or sickness which  is unexplained by other reasons.
2. You may experience difficulty concentration, or thinking clearly when blood pressure becomes very low - you may also experience 'lethargic anxiety' which  indicates you are anxious or irritable but yet tired and not 'traditionally over-active' as in manic...

• The second reason for fast heart rate is SYMPATHETIC nervous system over-activity.... this can happen when under prolonged stress or when over-using certain stimulants... there is a certain 'second messenger' that is released which we will go into more in detail later. Cyclic AMP (cAMP) increases contractile force and rate of heart by activating conductance channels and influencing the heart's receiving of calcium ions. 

1. When sympathetic over-activity or too much stimulant is used, you will experience anxiety, erratic behavior or delirium, switches from optimism or pessimism; but mainly just a sort of manic type state. (not always, but in many cases to some extent or another)
2. In this condition - it is ESSENTIAL that you stay calm and do not get flustered - try to offset all negative thoughts and breathe through your nose. If both reasons 1 and 2 are present, sitting up may be your best option to prevent fainting.
3. The sympathetic nervous system activity can be rapidly increased by exposure to cold temperatures (especially after a  period of stress) - this is reason behind some interrogation techniques used by CIA, British Intelligence, Iranian prison's and other law enforcement 'task operation'..the idea here is if the person is made uncomfortable, the cold interrogation room will increase the adrenaline which leads to a possibly faster confession by activating worry biologically in the suspect.
4. Finally, the sympathetic nervous system can be activated when there is a 'heart block' which means that the heart's electrical activity/conductance is blocked - either by a genetic defect, or by an exogenous substance..when this happens, it is the body's 'backup response' used to re-start the hearts normal rhythm. Heart Block can be asymptomatic, however, it is commonly associated with either tachycardia or arrythmia..some forms of heart block can be deadly. 

TAKE NOTE : TACHYCARDIA is not necessarily dangerous - it may just be 'scary' or irritating and I've dealt with it successfully many times before...you just have to play your cards carefully and *right* and recognize the reasons for the fast heart rate.

EXAMPLE in DIFFERENTIATING: If say you use a shit TON of yohimbine HCL (a common work out stimulant) and you experience a fast heart rate - this is not an uncommon effect..and often comes with psychological effects however, Because Yohimbine has a VERY short half life, about 0.5 - 1.5 hours, the best peace of mind comes from knowing it will be out of your system and you just have to get through that time period...there are ways to also counter-act this SAFELY during. 

 HOWEVER, OTHER FACTORS MAY AFFECT THE DURATION OF THE ADRENALINE SURGE CAUSED BY SUCH SUPPLEMENTS - SUCH AS ADDITIVE STRESS, AND USAGE OF OTHER 'SYNERGISTIC' DRUGS OR SUPPLEMENTS...examples also include ANTI-DEPRESSANTS and ANTI-PSYCHOTIC drugs as well as other affective drugs that act on similar pathways...if for example you are taking the anti-depressant IMIPRAMINE, WELLBUTRIN, or other drug known to act on norepinephrine systems - the effects of all other stimulants may be prolonged.This complicates the situation incredibly and unless you are a master at knowing BOTH your own body and pharmacology and dosages - you should contact a physician or medical center if it gets too unbearable. 

        VERY IMPORTANT 

DIFFERENTIATING BETWEEN LOW BLOOD PRESSURE AND HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE WITH FAST HEART RATE (Men)

• A revered scenario presented by multiple men when using too much of any cardiac-accessible/attributable stimulant is that your dick will shrivel up or shrink as with adrenaline and passing urine stream will be difficult (locked up) - when this happens - it's a good bet your blood pressure is on the HIGHER side..also the scrotum tends to thicken instead of becoming Looser (aka hanging) when adrenaline and blood pressure are HIGH.
• Additionally, the veins in your hands and arms may be no longer visible even with those with low body fat - they may thin up and the existence of the 'pump' dissipates. Cold hands / feet may also occur when blood pressure rises.
• You should still take your blood pressure anyways but  these above are accepted and 'wise' guidelines. 

The BIOLOGY and HOW TO COUNTERACT FAST HEART RATE WITH HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE

Because cyclic AMP is a main generator of increased heart rate - neurologically you would focus on reducing sympathetic nervous system activity - HOWEVER it becomes tricky because each person's situation varies.

Generally, the neurotransmitter ACETYLCHOLINE is responsible for keeping heart rate under control (by muscarinic M2 receptors) - so parasympathomimetics may help. 

Additionally, acetylcholine helps regulate blood pressure as well.

Again, it will depend on HOW fast your heart rate is - some cases require emergency attention and faster outcome scenarios.

For acute, fairly mild or somewhat moderate fast heart rate, a supplement stack containing the following should be on hand. 

• L-LYSINE (4-5 grams  at least)
• Ashwagandha extract. (prevents breakdown of acetylcholine, calms nervous system, can address anxiety as well)
• Something in addition to these two that reduces adrenaline secretion may be helpful - but only in highish blood pressure cases; magnolia officinalis may help along with the upper two. 

Additionally, you can keep beta-blocking drugs such as propanolol or bicoprolol on hand if possible HOWEVER you can NOT use these drugs in a HYPOTENSIVE-TACHYCARDIA where blood pressure is LOW and heart rate is HIGH.

In these cases, you should be extra cautious - if blood pressure falls below 90/60 then any 'messing' with the heart rate can be dangerous - even fatal. Again, these are not mild scenarios and are NOT to be taken lightly. Seek medical help and consult a physician.

**SOURCES/CITATIONS**

Low blood pressure - MEDLINE PLUS

Tachycardia | Fast Heart Rate (AHA) American Heart Association

What causes low blood pressure? 40 possible conditions (HEALTH LINE)

Tachycardia (MAYOCLINIC)

Low Blood Pressure - Web MD

Central and Peripheral GABAA Receptor Regulation of the Heart Rate Depends on the Conscious State of the Animal

Theatricality and Deception , Powerful Agents to the UnInitiated (What does it Mean, Short and Long Answer)

THEATRICALITY : Dramatic behavior or display; often meaning and in the context above - something alike to a movie performance - something out of the ordinary and inhuman; involving technology i.e a car shooting rockets - basically just fancy display of one's ordinances / methods.

DECEPTION : To deceive; to trick, put false display, divert by proxy (as with theatricality) - deception in the context/video above simply relates to using one method switching to another to divert or confuse the enemies i.e Police, Mob and such...deception and theatricality together are rarely used in such ways except discreet scenarios where a tactical advantage are necessary - it depends on the altitude/pace of combat but in real war (e.g Iraq) - deception can be used whereas theatricality must be either minimized or augmented as to the pace of war and current state of it.

UNINITIATED : Not currently in face to face combat; both parties identities are not known - a formal war has not been declared due to this and other factors, thus the parties are technically uninitiated. Thus theatricality and deception work if the source of it is not fully known - and notoriety is given to a character or symbol of which can then utilize those two techniques as it's Universal display/motto.



**OTHER PAGES CITING A SIMILAR OR ALTERNATE PERSPECTIVE**

What did Bane mean by 'Theatricality And Deception, Powerful Agents For The Uninitiated?

Theatricality and deception, weapons against the uninitiated

Posted on April 1, 2013 by Reuben

Deterring 11:11 Deterrents : 11:11 Is Not an "Evil Number"

I'm here to issue another "expelling the idiots" faction so as to handle the multitudes whom conform to unjust information hijacking and information brought about sincerely by Ignorance...and that mind which is bathed in narrow-mindedness - proliferated by stupidity.

I hear that some would like to associate the number or number pattern 11:11 , with the occult, or with a deviant spiritual philosophy (1) (2) (3)

..Oh, and  BY THE WAY; I gave three THREE references above - so , it just HAS TO BE that I'm a part of something Satanic or some 'triad' hovering about in someone's mind of distorted optics! (*rolls eyes*)

..I s'pose if I posted this @ 3 'in'da'morning I would be deemed Satanic as well, right!? 

                                        †  LOL †

The first prod I'd like to deliver is not with a knife but with a sword. (a proverbial one)

First off, half of this shit that a bunch of idiots have cooked up as the latest conspiracy theory - such as that SOMETHING DISASTROUS will happen on 11/11/14 or 11/11/15 - ....well, it never materializes/materialized...  Plus, most of it is coming from a bunch of forums WHOM DON'T EVEN PROVIDE BIBLICAL EVIDENCE that the number is somehow "EVIL" or chaotic....I mean you can make the same argument about FIBONACCI numbers - since some correlate them with subconscious measures / indicators of perfection or 'perfect ratios' or perhaps they are some artistic display ; some astute judgement and powerful 'relay of forces' but how can we BLAME Any numbers for misfortune ...!??
if we really go back in time and look at all the things that happen on certain days, we can find a pattern in EVERYTHING...

You see because, numbers AREN'T AS TANGIBLE as MOTTO's or as persevering even as BELIEF.              
(AMx ReBorN)

And that was 11 seconds long btw so OMG , another evil sign!!!

Here's the Truth ::  If 11:11 is a practical spiritual number, but it's definition is about some form of "ASCENSION"   .... then what's to say that ascension has to be evil? Exactly.



*Imagine a world where our nations no longer bottled their greatest aspirations into superstitions that are now  used to battle.others*, imagine a world where ignorance is SEVERED from our people, Imagine that, ladies and gentlemen...because you see, this whole post , was an exception to my usual rule - instead of being supremely analytical I chose to confer simplicity...as a wise man once said....

Catuaba (Trichilia catigua) Mechanism of Action / How it Works (Aphrodisia)

Catuaba - is a popular Brazilian aphrodisiac plant which is recently sold in a multitude of sexual enhancement / male enhancement supplements in both America and China - as well as many other countries where the concept of sexual enhancement reigns on top of the health industry links.

However, the mechanism of action and Efficacy of Catuaba are in question - especially since many studies have shown Catuaba's effectiveness only in the context of being used as a 'stack' or solution containing multiple aphrodisiac herbs. All for all, herbs like Muira Puama have more evidence and more impressive track records than Catuaba. 

However,  Catuaba seems to have a very profound mood boosting effect and some swear by it. Even where other herbs have failed to meet expectations.

Here, we will go over studies and publications proving Catuaba's mechanism of action in the nervous system and reproductive organs.

First, it's important to know that Catuaba's benefits typically relate to 'arousal' and erection aspects of sexual function rather than desire(!). 

• Catuaba appears to be a DSRI (a dopamine-serotonin-reuptake inhibitor) (1)

1. This means it increases dopamine and serotonin activity in the brain and body. More so in the brain's synapses, though. 
2. Dopamine plays a role in penile erection (2) as does serotonin - however, they can be considered opposite roles (dopamine facilitating arousal, serotonin inhibiting) (3) , depending on the receptors activated or proportion of dopamine to serotonin.

• Catuaba has anti-platelet-aggregation effects and thus, in theory may improve blood flow by preventing platelets from sticking together and forming clots (4) (5).

1. Catuaba thus is sort of more a 'medical' tonic acting on more familiarized pathways. It can be used as a tonic in healthy or mostly healthy individuals. That means the benefits increase with continuous use and can be used to prevent health issues such as blood clots. 
2. Catuaba should under NO CIRCUMSTANCES be used with blood-thinning drugs such as COUMADIN/Warfarin.

 DISADVANTAGES OR DOWNSIDES OF CATUABA

• Not much medical evidence, really hardly any at all.
• Catuaba's effects on serotonin may distort the benefits on dopamine systems - in other words, the effects may not be super significant as the herb does not seem to discriminate between dopamine / serotonin transporters.
• If any improvement in sexual ability is noticed with Catuaba - it may be short-lived and the half-life of the active constitutes of the herb are between 1.5 and 4 hours - which is not impressive.
• CATUABA will NOT treat Delayed Ejaculation (6) - it may worsen it..it may help Premature Ejaculation , however. (7)

CATUABA INTERACTIONS WITH MEDICAL DRUGS AND SUPPLEMENTS

•  it must be noted that those on SSRI's (Prozac, Luvox etc)  should totally avoid the herb. It may increase the risk of serotonin syndrome and should also not be stacked with 5-HTP or other serotonergics.
• Catuaba is an herbal  blood thinner & should under NO CIRCUMSTANCES be used with blood-thinning drugs such as COUMADIN/Warfarin.

My recommended CATUABA Product is below. 


                                                              

**OTHER RESOURCES**

Morphological, chemical and functional analysis of catuaba preparations.

A validated higher-performance liquid chromatography method for quantification of cinchonain Ib in bark and phytopharmaceuticals of Trichilia catigua used as Catuaba.